Patent foramen ovale in the elderly: what to do?

The increase in life expectance makes the diagnosis of PFO a possible and not easily manageable event in patients > 60-years-old due to the presence of different comorbidities and in particular of diastolic dysfunction which is considered as a contraindication to PFO closure. The literature review suggests that aged patients with PFO cannot be excluded “a priori” from PFO closure that should evaluated as therapeutic options in presence of anatomical and functional indications. Moreover in the elderly many other syndromes than paradoxical stroke mediated by PFO required full assessment and, if needed, transcather PFO closure: deoxygenating in obstructive sleeping apnoea, unexplained increased dyspnoea associated with hypoxemia after lung surgery, paralysis of the hemidiaphragm, and platypnea orthodeoxia. Differently from in the young and middle age, the management of PFO in aged patients should obligatory include the careful evaluation of potential comorbidities and eventual contraindications, such as severe diastolic dysfunction due to for example to hypertensive cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease, the main causes of diastolic dysfunction.