Caffeine and cardiovascular aging: exploring sex-specific impacts on risk and arrhythmias

Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant known for its cardiovascular and metabolic effects. However, its impact on cardiovascular risk, including arrhythmias, in older adults remains underexplored. Emerging evidence highlights sex-specific differences in caffeine metabolism, which may influence its role in cardiovascular health. This perspective examines the interaction between caffeine, hormonal changes, metabolic processes, and lifestyle factors, focusing on older women compared to men. Understanding these differences is essential for tailoring dietary and clinical recommendations to mitigate cardiovascular risks and promote healthy aging.